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However, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical research, and the ongoing circus phenomenon. The modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the Sun God.

6 In art, music, films, plays and booksįirst attested in English 14th century, the word circus derives from Latin circus, which is the romanization of the Greek κίρκος ( kirkos), itself a metathesis of the Homeric Greek κρίκος ( krikos), meaning "circle" or "ring".

2.2.2 Ricketts and the first American circus.

Contemporary circus continues to develop new variations on the circus tradition while absorbing new skills, techniques, and stylistic influences from other performing arts. Circuses within the movement have tended to favour a theatrical approach, combining character-driven circus acts with original music in a broad variety of styles to convey complex themes or stories. This dimension was adopted by Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks.Ĭontemporary circus has been credited with a revival of the circus tradition since the late 1970s, when a number of groups began to experiment with new circus formats and aesthetics, typically avoiding the use of animals to focus exclusively on human artistry. Many circus performances are still held in a ring, usually 13 m (42 ft) in diameter. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres and casinos. These tents eventually became the most common venue. The traditional large tents commonly known as "big tops" were introduced in the mid-19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. From the late 18th to late 19th century, custom-made circus buildings (often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open-air structures with limited covered seating.

The traditional format, in which a ringmaster introduces a variety of choreographed acts set to music, developed in the latter part of the 19th century and remained the dominant format until the 1970s.Īs styles of performance have developed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. Performances developed significantly over the next fifty years, with large-scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. In 1770, he hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers and a clown to fill in the pauses between the equestrian demonstrations and thus chanced on the format which was later named a "circus". In 1768, Astley, a skilled equestrian, began performing exhibitions of trick horse riding in an open field called Ha'Penny Hatch on the south side of the Thames River. Although not the inventor of the medium, Philip Astley is credited as the father of the modern circus. The term circus also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. A circus is a company of performers who put on diverse entertainment shows that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, dancers, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, magicians, ventriloquists, and unicyclists as well as other object manipulation and stunt-oriented artists.